ResumoNo início do século xviii, Isaac Newton publicou seu principal trabalho sobre óptica, o Opticks. Impregnado por uma perspectiva indutiva, o livro logo se tornou a principal referência para os estudos sobre a luz e as cores, sendo amplamente popularizado pelos seguidores de Newton. Neste artigo, analisamos como dois importantes livros contribuíram para essa popularização e também qual era a imagem de ciência que tencionavam propagar, o Élements de la philosophie de Newton de Voltaire e o Newtonianismo per le dame (...) de Algarotti. Será possível perceber que ambos os autores distorceram o conteúdo do livro de Newton, no intuito de propagar uma imagem idealizada das ideias newtonianas e da própria filosofia natural.In the beginning of 18th century, Newton published his main work about light and colors, the Opticks. Impregnated by an inductive perspective, the book became the major reference for the studies about light and colors, being widely popularized by Newton's followers. In this article, we analyze how two important works contributed to this process of popularization and also what image of science they intended to propagate: Voltaire's Elements of Newton's philosophie and Algarotti's Sir Isaac Newton's philosophy explain'd for the use of the ladies. We will be notice that both authors distorted the content of the Opticks, in order to propagate an idealized image of Newtonian ideas and natural philosophy itself. (shrink)

We prove that the sets of standard tautologies of predicate Product Logic and of predicate Basic Logic, as well as the set of standard-satisfiable formulas of predicate Basic Logic are not arithmetical, thus finding a rather satisfactory solution to three problems proposed by Hájek in [H01].

In this paper we give a rather detailed algebraic investigation of interpolation and Beth’s property in propositional many-valued logics extending Hájek’s Basic Logic [P. Hájek, Metamathematics of Fuzzy Logic, Kluwer, 1998], and we connect such properties with amalgamation and strong amalgamation in the corresponding varieties of algebras. It turns out that, while the most interesting extensions of in the language of have deductive interpolation, very few of them have Beth’s property or Craig interpolation. Thus in the last part of the (...) paper we look for conservative extensions of having such properties. (shrink)

The present paper deals with the predicate version MTL of the logic MTL by Esteva and Godo. We introduce a Kripke semantics for it, along the lines of Ono''s Kripke semantics for the predicate version of FLew (cf. [O85]), and we prove a completeness theorem. Then we prove that every predicate logic between MTL and classical predicate logic is undecidable. Finally, we prove that MTL is complete with respect to the standard semantics, i.e., with respect to Kripke frames on the (...) real interval [0,1], or equivalently, with respect to MTL-algebras whose lattice reduct is [0,1] with the usual order. (shrink)

This paper deals with Kripke-style semantics for many-valued logics. We introduce various types of Kripke semantics, and we connect them with algebraic semantics. As for modal logics, we relate the axioms of logics extending MTL to properties of the Kripke frames in which they are valid. We show that in the propositional case most logics are complete but not strongly complete with respect to the corresponding class of complete Kripke frames, whereas in the predicate case there are important many-valued logics (...) like BL, Ł and Π, which are not even complete with respect to the class of all predicate Kripke frames in which they are valid. Thus although very natural, Kripke semantics seems to be slightly less powerful than algebraic semantics. (shrink)

Abstract.Given a class C of t-norm BL-algebras, one may wonder which is the complexity of the set Taut(C∀) of predicate formulas which are valid in any algebra in C. We first characterize the classes C for which Taut(C∀) is recursively axiomatizable, and we show that this is the case iff C only consists of the Gödel algebra on [0,1]. We then prove that in all cases except from a finite number Taut(C∀) is not even arithmetical. Finally we consider predicate monadic (...) logics TautM(C∀) of classes C of t-norm BL-algebras, and we prove that (possibly with finitely many exceptions) they are undecidable. (shrink)

For every sequence |p n } n of formulas of Peano ArithmeticPA with, every formulaA of the first-order theory diagonalizable algebras, we associate a formula 0 A, called the value ofA inPA with respect to the interpretation. We show that, ifA is true in every diagonalizable algebra, then, for every, 0 A is a theorem ofPA.

In this article I argue for an interpretive approach to bioethics with critically ill children. I begin by highlighting the dominant Anglo-American bioethical framework that defines standards for ethical care in critically ill children and then outline a critique of this framework. Drawing predominantly on the ideas of Charles Taylor, Michael Walzer and Richard Zaner, I call for a reconception of bioethics and propose an interpretive ‘thick’ framework that is centred on culture and context. Finally, I illustrate this interpretive approach (...) through a comparative study of two cases in pediatric intensive care: the narratives of Marc and Larry. These case studies reveal that ethical dilemmas in pediatric critical care can be traced to relational tensions over respect, trust and power rooted in the disparity of moral horizons among the persons involved. (shrink)

The undecidability of the first-order theory of diagonalizable algebras is shown here.

This analysis presents an epistemological and moral examination of suffering. It addresses the specific questions: (1) What is suffering? (2) Can one's suffering be assessed by another? and (3) What is the moral significance of suffering? The epistemological analysis is orientated by Peter Hacker's framework for the investigation of emotions, demonstrating that suffering is an emotion. This leads to a discussion of whether suffering is a phenomenon that can be evaluated objectively by another person who is not experiencing the suffering, (...) questioning the validity of some decisional models for limiting life-sustaining therapies with the aim of preventing suffering. This analysis highlights that understandings of suffering are value laden. It is conventionally implied that suffering is `bad' and that it should be eliminated. Suffering is commonly regarded as a moral wrong that needs to be made right by health care. This article concludes with a recommendation for a paradigm shift in how suffering can be better understood, through the practice of empathic attunement. (shrink)

Hermeneutics, also referred to as interpretive phenomenology, has led to important contributions to nursing research. The philosophy of Charles Taylor has been a major source in the development of contemporary hermeneutics, through his ontological and epistemological articulations of the human sciences. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that Taylor's ideas can further enrich hermeneutic inquiry in nursing research, particularly for investigations of ethical concerns. The paper begins with an outline of Taylor's hermeneutical framework, followed by a review of (...) his key ideas relevant for ethics research. The paper ends with a discussion of my empirical research with critically ill children in Canada and France in relation to Taylor's ideas, chiefly Social Imaginaries. I argue that Taylor's hermeneutics provides a substantive moral framework as well as a methodology for examining ethical concerns. (shrink)

Within his earliest contributions to the human sciences, Charles Taylor challenged dominant behavioral views by advancing a hermeneutical conception of human agency. For Taylor, persons continually...

In this book Paul Franco provides an authoritative introduction to the life and thought of Michael Oakeshott, one of the most important philosophical voices of the twentieth century. After sketching a brief biography of Oakeshott, Franco then examines his most distinctive ideas, including his early idealist theory of knowledge, his influential critique of rationalism and central social planning, and his liberal theory of civil association. Though best known as a political philosopher, Oakeshott also made significant contributions to the (...) philosophy of history, aesthetics, the philosophy of religion, and the philosophy of education. Franco highlights Oakeshott’s impressive achievements in each of these areas. His book is an essential introduction to the whole range of Oakeshott’s thought, and it sets the philosopher’s work in historical context while also demonstrating its relevance to contemporary debates in political philosophy. (shrink)

A logic for classical conditional events was investigated by Dubois and Prade. In their approach, the truth value of a conditional event may be undetermined. In this paper we extend the treatment to many-valued events. Then we support the thesis that probability over partially undetermined events is a conditional probability, and we interpret it in terms of bets in the style of de Finetti. Finally, we show that the whole investigation can be carried out in a logical and algebraic setting, (...) and we find a logical characterization of coherence for assessments of partially undetermined events. (shrink)

This paper is devoted to the algebraization of theories in which, as in Peano arithmetic, there is a formula, Theor(x), numerating the set of theorems, and satisfying Hilbert-Bernays derivability conditions. In particular, we study the diagonalizable algebras, which are been introduced by R. Magari in [6], [7]. We prove that for every natural number n, the n-freely generated algebra $\germ{J}_{n}$ is not functionally free in the equational class of diagonalizable algebras; we also prove that the diagonalizable algebra of Peano arithmetic (...) is not an element of the equational class generated by $\{\germ{J}_{n}\}$. (shrink)

Following some ideas of Roberto Magari, we propose trial and error probabilistic functions, i.e. probability measures on the sentences of arithmetic that evolve in time by trial and error. The set ℐ of the sentences that get limit probability 1 is a Π3—theory, in fact ℐ can be a Π3—complete set. We prove incompleteness results for this setting, by showing for instance that for every k > 0 there are true Π3—sentences that get limit probability less than 1/2k. No set (...) ℐ as above can contain the set of all true Π3—sentences, although we exhibit some ℐ containing all the true Σ2—sentences. We also consider an approach based on the notions of inner probability and outer probability, and we compare this approach with the one based on trial and error probabilistic functions. Although the two approaches are shown to be different, we single out an important case in which they are equivalent. (shrink)

We investigate axiomatizability of various fragments of first order computational tree logic showing that the fragments with the modal operator F are non axiomatizable. These results shows that the only axiomatizable fragment is the one with the modal operator next only.

We investigate many paradigms of identifications for classes of languages in a measure-theoretic context, and we relate such paradigms to their analogues in learning on informants. Roughly speaking, the results say that most paradigms in measure-theoretic learning wrt some classes of distributions are equivalent to the corresponding paradigms for identification on informants.

GRUPO DE DOMBES. Aparecida: Santuário, 2010. O livro apresenta-se em duas partes. A primeira terá como tema uma leitura ecumênica da história e da Escritura, enquanto a segunda trabalhará as questões mariológicas controversas no diálogo ecumênico entre as Igrejas e, em quais pontos se é possível falar de conversão das denominações envolvidas.

Si la teología política es uno de los temas centrales que recorre la obra de Carl Schmitt, el problema de los valores —a pesar de los pocos trabajos dedicados al tema— no deja de tener importancia en relación con las reflexiones de este autor. El propósito de este trabajo es, precisamente, mostrar el vínculo existente entre uno y otro, entre la teología política schmittiana y su reflexión en torno a los valores. Para ello, nos proponemos recorrer, por una parte, sus (...) textos tempranos, que nos permitirán dilucidar la relación entre teología y política en la modernidad y, por otro lado, la crítica a la filosofía de los valores elaborada en La tiranía de los valores. A partir de ese recorrido bifurcado intentaremos trazar la continuidad existente entre la teología política y los valores, que, a nuestro juicio, puede rastrearse ya en El valor del Estado y el significado del individuo. (shrink)

This article reviews empirical evidence and ethical norms in cross-linguistic nursing. Empirical evidence highlights that linguistic barriers between nurses and patients can perpetuate discrimination and compromise nursing care. There are significant organizational and relational challenges involved in ensuring adequate use of interpreters by nurses. Some evidence suggests that linguistic barriers are particularly problematic for nurses when compared with physicians. A comparative analysis of nursing ethical norms for cross-linguistic nursing was conducted using the codes of ethics of the American Nurses Association, (...) the Canadian Nurses Association, and the International Council of Nurses. Five principal ethical norms for cross-linguistic nursing were identified: (1) respect for the patient as a unique person; (2) respect for the patient’s right to self-determination; (3) respect for patient privacy and confidentiality; (4) responsibility for one’s own competence, judgment, and action; and (5) responsibility to promote action better to meet the needs of patients, families, and groups. (shrink)

A methodology is shown to evaluate the quality of the continuous improvement plans in schools of the upper medium type. For this, a rubric validated by expert judgment and Alpha de Crombach was prepared. The results obtained show the distribution of the quality level of the PMC, as well as the most recurring errors during the planning process.

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century chroniclers call attention to the Incas having had a ‘particular language’, used exclusively by members of the court. The sparse linguistic material attributed to it consists of barely a dozen proper names which ‘El Inca’ Garcilaso de la Vega, unable to explain through his Quechua mother tongue, assumed must belong to the purported secret language. On closer inspection most of these words do turn out to be explicable in terms of either a Quechua or an Aymara origin. (...) Nevertheless, a small amount of extant onomastic material — mostly Inca institutional names — cannot be traced back to either, and points to a third language instead. This chapter makes the case that this could have been Puquina, once a major language of the Titicaca Basin, whence the mythical Incas set out on their journey to Cuzco. Linguistic, mythohistorical, and archaeological evidence are offered support of this hypothesis. (shrink)